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Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Refer to the following caption and surrounding text.

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Evolutionary tracks of GJ 504. The scenarios without (solid lines) and with engulfment (dashed lines) are shown. The spikes in the tracks correspond to the maximum transfer of angular momentum from the planetary orbit to the star, that occurs when the planet reaches the Roche limit. From the left: the stellar surface rotation rate, with the observational constraint taken from Di Mauro et al. (2022); stellar wind-driven angular momentum loss tracks with the unscaled J ̇ wind Mathematical equation: $ \dot{\mathrm{J}}_{wind} $ derived in Sect. 3 (white marker), the J ̇ wind , B × 5 Mathematical equation: $ \dot{\mathrm{J}}_{wind, B\times5} $ obtained by scaling the magnetic field strength (orange marker), and J ̇ wind , ZDI Mathematical equation: $ \dot{\mathrm{J}}_{wind,ZDI} $ rescaled by a factor of 20 (gray marker); X-ray luminosity, with the black dot indicating the observational constraint of Pezzotti et al. (2025); and global angular momentum, with the black dot showing the semi-empirical angular momentum, which is the model momentum of inertia multiplied by the surface rotation rate from Di Mauro et al. (2022).

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