Extended 1 model. Cumulative distribution of the final energy of particles in the disk. The colored lines correspond to different inclination angles of the encounter (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°), while the black dotted line represents the initial particle distribution as defined in Table 1. Negative energy values indicate particles that remain bound to the system after the encounter, whereas positive values correspond to ISOs. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) probabilities relative to the initial distribution for the different angles are 0.90% for 0°, 0.19% for 30°, 0.07% for 60°, and 0.05% for 90°.