Surface temperature and thermal phase curves of exomoons with different surface thermodynamic parameters and rotation periods. Panel a: meridional mean effective emission temperatures of 3000 km airless exomoons around TRAPPIST-1 e with: a 2:1 spin–orbit resonance and lunar regolith surface (blue line), a 2:1 spin-orbit resonance and granite surface (red line), and a 10:1 spin-orbit resonance and granite surface (pink line). Panel b: total thermal phase curves of TRAPPIST-1 e plus the according exomoons in panel (a). Panels c and d: same as panels (a) and (b) but for 6000 km airless exomoons orbiting GJ 1214 b.