Novel z ∼ 10 auroral line measurements extend the gradual offset of the fundamental metallicity relation deep into the first gigayear of cosmic time

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Volume 708 (April 2026)

A&A, 708 (2026) A203

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Table 1.

Sample overview with derived redshifts and rest-frame optical emission-line fluxes, or 3σ upper limits.

Source	z_spec	[O II] λλ3726, 29	[Ne III] 3869	Hγ	[O III] λ4363	Hβ	[O III] λ5007
CAPERS-EGS-25297 ^(a)	9.9381 ± 0.0003	$73 . 0_{3.3}^{+ 3.3}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 73.0^{+3.3}_{3.3} $$	$71 . 8_{- 3.1}^{+ 3.1}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 71.8^{+3.1}_{-3.1} $$	$75 . 7_{- 4.0}^{+ 4.1}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 75.7^{+4.1}_{-4.0} $$	$28 . 2_{- 3.8}^{+ 3.8}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 28.2^{+3.8}_{-3.8} $$	$207 . 2_{- 6.8}^{+ 6.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 207.2^{+6.9}_{-6.8} $$	$1172 . 6_{- 9.7}^{+ 9.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 1172.6^{+9.5}_{-9.7} $$
UNCOVER-2561-13151 ^(b * )	9.8026 ± 0.0003	$7 . 0_{- 2.2}^{+ 2.2}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 7.0^{+2.2}_{-2.2} $$	$22 . 6_{- 2.3}^{2.3}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.6^{2.3}_{-2.3} $$	$15 . 5_{- 2.6}^{+ 2.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 15.5^{+2.5}_{-2.6} $$	< 7.7	$52 . 7_{- 3.5}^{+ 3.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 52.7^{+3.6}_{-3.5} $$	$288 . 4_{- 7.6}^{+ 7.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 288.4^{+7.9}_{-7.6} $$
JADES-GN-55757 ^(c)	9.7498 ± 0.0006	$16 . 7_{- 4.5}^{+ 4.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 16.7^{+4.4}_{-4.5} $$	$18 . 1_{4.9}^{+ 4.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 18.1^{+4.9}_{4.9} $$	$47 . 9_{- 5.3}^{+ 5.3}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 47.9^{+5.3}_{-5.3} $$	< 15.8	$72 . 2_{- 6.9}^{+ 6.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 72.2^{+6.9}_{-6.9} $$	$339 . 4_{- 11.6}^{+ 12.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 339.4^{+12.0}_{-11.6} $$
UNCOVER-2561-22223 ^(d * )	9.5704 ± 0.0008	< 10.04	$10 . 3_{- 3.3}^{+ 3.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.3^{+3.4}_{-3.3} $$	$22 . 9_{- 4.0}^{+ 4.1}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.9^{+4.1}_{-4.0} $$	< 12.6	$74 . 7_{- 5.9}^{+ 5.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 74.7^{+5.7}_{-5.9} $$	$229 . 7_{- 7.6}^{+ 7.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 229.7^{+7.5}_{-7.6} $$
RXJ2129-2767-11027 ^(e * )	9.5127 ± 0.0001	$1 . 9_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 1.9^{+0.4}_{-0.4} $$	$2 . 1_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 2.1^{+0.4}_{-0.4} $$	$4 . 2_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 4.2^{+0.5}_{-0.4} $$	$1 . 9_{- 0.5}^{+ 0.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 1.9^{+0.5}_{-0.5} $$	$7 . 3_{- 0.6}^{+ 0.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 7.3^{+0.6}_{-0.6} $$	$40 . 5_{- 0.7}^{+ 0.8}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 40.5^{+0.8}_{-0.7} $$
JADES-GS-265801 ^(f)	9.4437 ± 0.0001	$9 . 4_{- 0.8}^{+ 0.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 9.4^{+0.9}_{-0.8} $$	$27 . 0_{- 0.9}^{1.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 27.0^{1.0}_{-0.9} $$	$34 . 5_{- 1.0}^{+ 1.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 34.5^{+1.0}_{-1.0} $$	$14 . 1_{- 1.0}^{+ 1.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 14.1^{+1.0}_{-1.0} $$	$81 . 5_{- 1.3}^{+ 1.3}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 81.5^{+1.3}_{-1.3} $$	$480 . 3_{- 2.0}^{+ 2.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 480.3^{+2.0}_{-2.0} $$
CAPERS-EGS-87132 ^(g)	9.3833 ± 0.0002	$17 . 6_{- 2.9}^{+ 2.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 17.6^{+2.9}_{-2.9} $$	$25 . 3_{- 3.1}^{+ 3.1}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 25.3^{+3.1}_{-3.1} $$	$20 . 6_{- 3.6}^{+ 3.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 20.6^{+3.6}_{-3.6} $$	$12 . 3_{- 3.4}^{+ 3.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 12.3^{+3.4}_{-3.4} $$	$38 . 4_{- 4.1}^{+ 4.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 38.4^{+4.0}_{-4.1} $$	$282 . 8_{- 5.5}^{+ 5.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 282.8^{+5.7}_{-5.5} $$
JADES-GN-3990 ^(h)	9.3812 ± 0.0002	$16 . 6_{- 2.5}^{+ 2.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 16.6^{+2.6}_{-2.5} $$	$22 . 2_{- 2.5}^{+ 2.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.2^{+2.5}_{-2.5} $$	$25 . 4_{- 3.0}^{+ 3.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 25.4^{+3.0}_{-3.0} $$	$12 . 3_{- 2.9}^{+ 2.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 12.3^{+2.7}_{-2.9} $$	$54 . 6_{- 3.6}^{+ 3.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 54.6^{+3.6}_{-3.6} $$	$366 . 4_{- 4.8}^{+ 4.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 366.4^{+4.7}_{-4.8} $$
UNCOVER-2561-3686 ^(i * )	9.3202 ± 0.0004	$73 . 6_{- 10.5}^{+ 10.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 73.6^{+10.5}_{-10.5} $$	$79 . 1_{- 10.5}^{+ 10.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 79.1^{+10.7}_{-10.5} $$	$48 . 4_{- 10.5}^{+ 10.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 48.4^{+10.4}_{-10.5} $$	< 32.9	$49 . 2_{- 12.5}^{+ 12.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 49.2^{+12.5}_{-12.5} $$	$639 . 5_{- 15.5}^{+ 16.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 639.5^{+16.0}_{-15.5} $$
RUBIES-UDS-833482 ^(j)	9.3042 ± 0.0003	$93 . 1_{- 13.9}^{+ 13.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 93.1^{+13.9}_{-13.9} $$	$70 . 3_{- 12.9}^{+ 12.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 70.3^{+12.7}_{-12.9} $$	$91 . 9_{- 15.3}^{+ 15.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 91.9^{+15.9}_{-15.3} $$	< 36.2	$165 . 7_{- 15.7}^{+ 16.0}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 165.7^{+16.0}_{-15.7} $$	$1595 . 2_{- 26.2}^{+ 26.2}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 1595.2^{+26.2}_{-26.2} $$
CAPERS-UDS-22431 ^(k)	9.2717 ± 0.0001	$27 . 1_{- 3.2}^{+ 3.1}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 27.1^{+3.1}_{-3.2} $$	$44 . 5_{- 3.5}^{+ 3.4}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 44.5^{+3.4}_{-3.5} $$	$35 . 8_{- 3.8}^{+ 3.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 35.8^{+3.7}_{-3.8} $$	$19 . 8_{- 3.7}^{+ 3.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.8^{+3.7}_{-3.7} $$	$88 . 2_{- 4.7}^{+ 4.7}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 88.2^{+4.7}_{-4.7} $$	$727 . 8_{- 6.9}^{+ 6.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 727.8^{+6.9}_{-6.9} $$

Notes. Selected galaxies have been reported or analysed in previous works: ^(a)Tang et al. (2025), Donnan et al. (2025), Nakane et al. (2025)^(b)Tang et al. (2025), Fujimoto et al. (2024), Zitrin et al. (2014), Roberts-Borsani et al. (2023)^(c)Tang et al. (2025, 2024)^(d)Tang et al. (2025), Fujimoto et al. (2024)^(e)Williams et al. (2023)^(f)Tang et al. (2025), Cameron et al. (2023), Bunker et al. (2024), Curti et al. (2025), Boyett et al. (2024a), Nakane et al. (2025), Sanders et al. (2025)^(g)Tang et al. (2025)^(h)Tang et al. (2025), Schaerer et al. (2024)⁽ⁱ⁾Tang et al. (2025), Fujimoto et al. (2024), Boyett et al. (2024b), Atek et al. (2023), Castellano et al. (2023), Nakane et al. (2025)^(j)Tang et al. (2025)^(k)Tang et al. (2025). ^( * ) Lensed galaxies; the reported line fluxes have not been corrected for magnification. The [O II] λλ3726, 3729 line doublet is blended so we report the total line fluxes. We used the theoretical ratio of [O III] λ5007/[O III] λ4959 ∼ 2.98 to fix the line flux of [O III] λ4959. All line fluxes are uncorrected for dust attenuation and in units of 10⁻²⁰ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻².

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