Novel z ∼ 10 auroral line measurements extend the gradual offset of the fundamental metallicity relation deep into the first gigayear of cosmic time

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Volume 708 (April 2026)

A&A, 708 (2026) A203

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Table 2.

Main galaxy properties for our z > 9 sample, including UV magnitude, M_UV, UV continuum slope, β_UV, stellar mass, SFRs derived from Hβ, electron temperature, T_e, and direct T_e based metallicities derived using PYNEB.

Source	M_UV/mag	β_UV	log₁₀(M_★/M_⊙)	log₁₀(SFR_Hβ/M_⊙ yr⁻¹)	12 + log(O/H)	T_e/10⁴ K
CAPERS-EGS-25297	−20.00 ± 0.17	−1.48 ± 0.05	$8 . 39_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.39^{+0.04}_{-0.02} $$	1.10 ± 0.02	7.70 ± 0.07	1.7 + 0.12
UNCOVER-2561-13151 ^( * )	−17.59 ± 0.09	−2.45 ± 0.06	$6 . 97_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.10}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 6.97^{+0.10}_{-0.10} $$	−0.48 ± 0.03	> 7.61	< 1.73
JADES-GN-55757	−20.40 ± 0.18	−2.34 ± 0.09	$8 . 05_{- 0.17}^{+ 0.16}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.05^{+0.16}_{-0.17} $$	0.73 ± 0.04	> 7.32	< 2.39
UNCOVER-2561-22223 ^( * )	−18.41 ± 0.18	−2.60 ± 0.19	$6 . 99_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.15}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 6.99^{+0.15}_{-0.05} $$	0.10 ± 0.03	> 7.09	< 2.89
RXJ2129-2767-11027 ^( * )	−16.73 ± 0.36	−1.43 ± 0.19	$6 . 87_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 6.87^{+0.04}_{-0.03} $$	−0.39 ± 0.04	7.36 ± 0.15	2.62 ± 0.52
JADES-GS-265801	−20.84 ± 0.03	−2.50 ± 0.01	$8 . 30_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.30^{+0.03}_{-0.03} $$	0.75 ± 0.01	7.60 ± 0.04	1.84 ± 0.07
CAPERS-EGS-87132	−19.21 ± 0.33	−1.83 ± 0.13	$8 . 19_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.13}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.19^{+0.13}_{-0.15} $$	0.36 ± 0.05	7.53 ± 0.16	2.36 ± 0.49
JADES-GN-3990	−19.70 ± 0.16	−1.30 ± 0.04	$8 . 59_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.18}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.59^{+0.18}_{-0.12} $$	1.00 ± 0.04	7.59 ± 0.10	2.05 ± 0.2
UNCOVER-2561-3686 ^( * )	−21.53 ± 0.08	−2.08 ± 0.03	$9 . 41_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.01}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 9.41^{+0.01}_{-0.02} $$	0.41 ± 0.09	> 8.38	< 1.32
RUBIES-UDS-833482	−20.86 ± 0.31	−2.24 ± 0.14	$8 . 39_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.39^{+0.03}_{-0.02} $$	0.96 ± 0.04	> 7.97	< 1.64
CAPERS-UDS-22431	−20.96 ± 0.08	−2.58 ± 0.04	$8 . 30_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 8.30^{+0.04}_{-0.04} $$	0.77 ± 0.02	7.80 ± 0.10	1.77 ± 0.18

Notes.^( * ) Lensed galaxies, with reported properties corrected for magnification with magnification factors for RXJ2129-2767-11027 obtained from Williams et al. (2023), and for UNCOVER galaxies from the lensing magnification online catalogue (https://jwst-uncover.github.io) (Price et al. 2025; Bezanson et al. 2024; Furtak et al. 2023).

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