Metallicity distribution functions (MDFs) of Nephele and Gaia Sausage-Enceladus (GSE). Top panel: the MDFs of GSE as selected in Horta et al. (2023) (in grey), the same definition of GSE plus our cuts in chemical abundances (see Sect. 5, in dark grey), Nephele’s candidates (in magenta), and Nephele’s candidates that fall within the GSE selection (in black). Bottom panel: contribution of Nephele among stars of GSE for each [Fe/H] bin.