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Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Refer to the following caption and surrounding text.

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Allowed and excluded regions for the formation of an sdB+WD binary through stable mass transfer similar to PTF1 J2238+7430. The central green-shaded region indicates combinations of initial donor mass (M1, init) and orbital period (Pinit) that lead to sdB formation consistent with observations. The hatched and colored regions correspond to physically forbidden configurations: violet (left) shows donors too low in mass (no He ignition); red (right) shows donors too massive (oversized core or Roche-lobe overflow in the subgiant phase); blue (bottom) shows systems at risk of common envelope or merger events; and orange (top) shows donors with thick hydrogen shells preventing sdB formation. The black star marks PTF1 J2238+7430 parameters, while black squares mark model systems that produced potential double-detonation supernova progenitors with slightly different masses from the observed system.

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