Table 1.
Evolution of a zero-age main-sequence binary toward PTF1 J2238+7430.
| Time | M1 | M2 | R1 | R2 | Type1 | Type2 | Porb | Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Myr] | [M⊙] | [M⊙] | [R⊙] | [R⊙] | (days) | |||
| 0.000 | 2.700 | 2.600 | 1.897 | 1.859 | MS | MS | 3.000 | zero-age MS binary |
| 487.137 | 2.699 | 2.599 | 4.233 | 4.063 | SG | MS | 2.926 | change in primary type |
| 487.964 | 2.699 | 2.599 | 5.668 | 4.076 | SG | MS | 2.913 | onset of stable mass transfer |
| 489.552 | 1.713 | 3.437 | 6.250 | 3.938 | FGB | MS | 4.391 | change in primary type |
| 496.502 | 0.406 | 3.991 | 39.137 | 5.058 | proto-sdB | MS | 157.590 | change in primary type (He ignition) |
| 496.612 | 0.406 | 3.991 | 35.228 | 5.061 | proto-sdB | MS | 157.863 | end of stable mass transfer |
| 529.883 | 0.405 | 3.990 | 0.161 | 5.850 | sdB | MS | 158.512 | change in primary type |
| 530.585 | 0.405 | 3.988 | 0.161 | 5.610 | sdB | SG | 158.606 | change in secondary type |
| 533.074 | 0.405 | 3.984 | 0.162 | 13.852 | sdB | FGB | 158.904 | change in secondary type |
| 533.438 | 0.405 | 3.984 | 0.162 | 48.586 | sdB | CHeB | 152.609 | change in secondary type |
| 580.092 | 0.405 | 3.981 | 0.172 | 30.736 | sdB | AGB | 153.264 | change in secondary type |
| 582.134 | 0.405 | 3.981 | 0.173 | 62.158 | sdB | AGB | 61.839 | onset of CE evolution |
| 582.134 | 0.405 | 0.722 | 0.173 | 0.594 | sdB | proto-WD | 0.066 | end of CE evolution |
| 583.569 | 0.405 | 0.722 | 0.175 | 0.044 | sdB | WD | 0.065 | change in secondary type |
| 632.480 | 0.405 | 0.722 | 0.192 | 0.011 | sdB | WD | 0.053 | binary looks like PTF1 J2238+7430 |
Notes. MESA evolutions for the pre-common envelope and post-common envelope phases. The terms M1 and M2, R1 and R2, and Type1 and Type2 indicate the masses, radii, and stellar types of the primary and secondary, respectively The orbital period is defined as Porb and the last column corresponds to the event occurring in the binary at the corresponding time in the first column. The row corresponding to the present-day properties of the binary is highlighted in boldface. Abbreviations: MS (main sequence star), SG (subgiant star), FGB (first giant branch star), CHeB (core helium burning), AGB (asymptotic giant branch star), WD (white dwarf), sdB (hot subdwarf B star), and CE (common envelope).
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