Fig. 1.

Download original image
Surface temperature evolution curves for each observed pulsar considering models with different reheating mechanisms. In each panel, all curves were calculated assuming magnetic dipole spin-down with a constant dipole moment inferred from the measured spin-down parameters P and Ṗ of the respective pulsars. B0950 and J0108 are plotted together, because they have nearly the same inferred dipole field. Their curves were generated with the magnetic field of B0950. For the MSPs (J0437 and J2124), the initial conditions were taken as P0 = 1 ms and T0∞ = 109 K, whereas for the CPs (B0950, J0108, and J2144) we assumed P0 = 5 ms and T0∞ = 1011 K. The (1σ) error bars or upper limits for the pulsars are placed at the times at which the present spin parameters are reached. The models used for Murca and Durca reactions are given in Table 2 as Model M and Model D, respectively. The labels correspond to the following cases (see Table 3 for a schematic summary): I Passive cooling with Murca reactions in normal (nonsuperfluid and nonsuperconducting) matter, solid black line. II Passive cooling with Durca reactions in normal matter, dashed gray line. III Rotochemical heating with Murca reactions in normal matter, solid maroon line. IV Rotochemical heating with Durca reactions in normal matter, dashed maroon line. V Vortex creep with Murca reactions setting J = 3 × 1043 erg s and assuming normal particles in the core, solid green line. VI Same as V, but with Durca reactions, dashed green line. VII Crustal heating (only present in MSPs) with Murca reactions and normal particles in the core, solid cyan line. VIII Same as VII, but with Durca reactions, dashed cyan line. IX Rotochemical heating with Murca reactions considering normal protons and superfluid neutrons with a uniform energy gap Δn = 1.5 MeV, with reaction rates reduced by a factor f = 10−2, solid orange line. X Same as IX, but with Durca reactions and reaction rates reduced by a factor f = 10−8, dashed orange line. XI Rotochemical heating with Murca reactions considering normal protons and superfluid neutrons with Δn = 1.5 MeV and reaction rates reduced by a factor f = 10−2, as well as vortex creep with J = 3 × 1043 erg s, magenta line with star markers.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.