Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO - Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate

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Volume 708 (April 2026)

A&A, 708 (2026) A81

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Table 2

Fit and derived parameters for TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 systems.

	TOI-4336 A		TOI-4342
Parameter	Planet b	Planet c	Planet b	Planet c	Candidate d
Orbital period, P_orb (days)	^† 16.336351 ± 0.000017	^† 7.587266 ± 0.000012	5.5382592 ± 0.0000034	10.688662 ± 0.00015	47.5 ± 1.3
Time of conjunction, T₀ (RJD)	^†59335.57275 ± 0.00046	^†59333.2931 ± 0.0015	$58654 . 53479_{- 0.00093}^{+ 0.00084}$ $Mathematical equation: $58654.53479_{-0.00093}^{+0.00084}$$	58659.3486 ± 0.0017	58 795 ± 27
Planet radius, R_p (R_⊕)	2.137 ± 0.080	1.251 ± 0.066	$2 . 329_{- 0.085}^{+ 0.086}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.329_{-0.085}^{+0.086}$$	$2 . 349_{- 0.092}^{+ 0.094}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.349_{-0.092}^{+0.094}$$	–
Planet mass, M_p(M_⊕)	$3 . 33_{- 0.37}^{+ 0.34}$ $Mathematical equation: $3.33_{-0.37}^{+0.34}$$	1.55 ± 0.13	7.3 ± 1.3	4.8 ± 1.4	$^{} 17 . 8_{- 3.0}^{+ 2.9}$ $Mathematical equation: ${ }^{} 17.8_{-3.0}^{+2.9}$$
Planet density, ρ_p(g cm⁻³)	$1 . 87_{- 0.28}^{+ 0.31}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.87_{-0.28}^{+0.31}$$	$4 . 35_{- 0.71}^{+ 0.86}$ $Mathematical equation: $4.35_{-0.71}^{+0.86}$$	$3 . 18_{- 0.63}^{+ 0.70}$ $Mathematical equation: $3.18_{-0.63}^{+0.70}$$	$2 . 01_{- 0.60}^{+ 0.65}$ $Mathematical equation: $2.01_{-0.60}^{+0.65}$$	–
RV semi-amplitude, K (m s⁻¹)	$1 . 85_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.20}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.85_{-0.18}^{+0.20}$$	1.114 ± 0.094	$3 . 78_{- 0.67}^{+ 0.65}$ $Mathematical equation: $3.78_{-0.67}^{+0.65}$$	$1 . 97_{- 0.56}^{+ 0.57}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.97_{-0.56}^{+0.57}$$	$4 . 49_{- 0.75}^{+ 0.73}$ $Mathematical equation: $4.49_{-0.75}^{+0.73}$$
Orbital inclination, i (^°)	^†89.492 ± 0.093	^†89.64 ± 0.26	88.83 ± 0.22	89.61 ± 0.26	–
Scaled planetary radius, R_P/R_*	^† 0.0601 ± 0.0013	^† 0.0352 ± 0.0015	$0 . 03571_{- 0.00075}^{+ 0.00073}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.03571_{-0.00075}^{+0.00073}$$	$0 . 03602_{- 0.00093}^{+ 0.00092}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.03602_{-0.00093}^{+0.00092}$$	–
Impact parameter, b	$^{†} 0 . 497_{- 0.066}^{+ 0.071}$ $Mathematical equation: ${ }^{\dagger} 0.497_{-0.066}^{+0.071}$$	$^{†} 0 . 21_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.12}$ $Mathematical equation: ${ }^{\dagger} 0.21_{-0.14}^{+0.12}$$	$0 . 382_{- 0.063}^{+ 0.062}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.382_{-0.063}^{+0.062}$$	$0 . 20_{- 0.13}^{+ 0.12}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.20_{-0.13}^{+0.12}$$	–
Semi-major axis, a (au)	$0 . 08490_{- 0.00075}^{+ 0.00073}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.08490_{-0.00075}^{+0.00073}$$	0.05092 ± 0.00045	$0 . 0519_{- 0.00021}^{+ 0.00020}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.0519_{-0.00021}^{+0.00020}$$	$0 . 0804_{- 0.00031}^{+ 0.00032}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.0804_{-0.00031}^{+0.00032}$$	$0 . 2154_{- 0.0043}^{+ 0.0040}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.2154_{-0.0043}^{+0.0040}$$
Eccentricity, e	0(<0.45, 3σ)	0(<0.35, 3σ)	0	0	0
Argument of periastron, ω (deg)	90 (fixed)	90 (fixed)	90 (fixed)	90 (fixed)	90 (fixed)
Transit duration, T₁₄ (hours)	2.08 ± 0.11	1.74 ± 0.08	2.182 ± 0.024	2.854 ± 0.053	–
Insolation ^(a), S_p (S_⊕)	1.53 ± 0.14	4.24 ± 0.39	$27 . 8_{- 3.2}^{+ 3.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $27.8_{-3.2}^{+3.6}$$	$11 . 6_{- 1.4}^{+ 1.5}$ $Mathematical equation: $11.6_{-1.4}^{+1.5}$$	1.62 ± 0.16
Equilibrium temperature ^(a), T_eq (K)	$309 . 4_{- 7.4}^{+ 6.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $309.4_{-7.4}^{+6.9}$$	$399 . 5_{- 9.5}^{+ 8.9}$ $Mathematical equation: $399.5_{-9.5}^{+8.9}$$	$639_{- 19}^{+ 20}$ $Mathematical equation: $639_{-19}^{+20}$$	514 ± 16	$314_{- 8.0}^{+ 7.6}$ $Mathematical equation: $314_{-8.0}^{+7.6}$$
TSM ^(b)	$138_{- 16}^{+ 21}$ $Mathematical equation: $138_{-16}^{+21}$$	12 ± 2	$42_{- 8}^{+ 11}$ $Mathematical equation: $42_{-8}^{+11}$$	$54_{- 13}^{+ 23}$ $Mathematical equation: $54_{-13}^{+23}$$	–
ESM ^(b)	$0 . 82_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.12}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.82_{-0.11}^{+0.12}$$	$1 . 01_{- 0.13}^{+ 0.15}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.01_{-0.13}^{+0.15}$$	$3 . 86_{- 0.49}^{+ 0.55}$ $Mathematical equation: $3.86_{-0.49}^{+0.55}$$	$1 . 95_{- 0.27}^{+ 0.31}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.95_{-0.27}^{+0.31}$$	–

Notes. ^(a) Insolation and equilibrium temperature are calculated as in Parc et al. (2024), assuming global circulation and a Bond albedo of A_B = 0. ^(b) Transmission spectroscopy metric (TSM) calculated following Kempton et al. (2018). ^† Values from Timmermans et al. (2026). * Minimum mass.

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