Comparison of cINN predictions after correction for systematic biases to the literature stellar parameters (X^lit) and abundance fits with Turbospectrum (X^TSfit) for the real benchmark spectra listed in Table B.1. We note that some stars have multiple spectra in our benchmark set. For some spectra, there are no uncertainties listed in the literature for T_eff and log(g), so no x-error bars are displayed in these cases (see Table B.1). The T_eff uncertainties are often too small to be visible in the top left panel. The y-error bars indicate the 1D 68% confidence intervals determined from the predicted posterior distributions. Stars indicated in grey have [Fe/H] ≤−2.5 and were not considered in the fit for the bias correction (but are corrected here). The grey shaded area around the 1-to-1 correlation represents the 1 σ standard deviation of the residuals of the MAP estimate with respect to the reference value X^cINN,MAP−X^lit/TSfit. The stars highlighted in blue correspond to the example stars shown in Figs. 7 and B.2.