Deviations from the radial acceleration relation in the central galaxies of clusters, subclusters, and groups

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Volume 708 (April 2026)

A&A, 708 (2026) A258

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Table 1.

Environmental classification of the galaxies.

Rank	Galaxy	Environment	r_max
			[kpc]
1	NGC 4486	Central of Virgo A, 5 × 10¹⁴ M_⊙⁽¹⁾	140
2	NGC 4472	Central of Virgo B, 1 × 10¹⁴ M_⊙⁽¹⁾	45
3	NGC 1399	Central of Fornax Cluster, 9 × 10¹³ M_⊙⁽²⁾	106
4	NGC 5846	Central of its group, 8 × 10¹³ M_⊙⁽²⁾	64
5	NGC 1407	Central of its group, 6 × 10¹³ M_⊙⁽²⁾	122
6	NGC 4365	Central of Virgo W’ cloud, 3 × 10¹³ M_⊙⁽¹⁾	69
7	NGC 4649	Central of Virgo C, 3 × 10¹³ M_⊙⁽¹⁾	105
8	NGC 5128	Central of its group 8 × 10¹² M_⊙⁽²⁾	52
9	NGC 4278	Central of a small localized clump in the loose extended Coma I cloud⁽³⁾	39
10	NGC 1023	Central of its group⁽²⁾, but visually appears virtually isolated	26
11	NGC 2768	Isolated or group member⁽⁴⁾	60
12	NGC 3115	Isolated⁽⁵⁾	22
13	NGC 0821	Isolated⁽⁶⁾	35
14n	NGC 4494	Non-central of the loose Coma II cloud⁽³⁾	38
15n	NGC 3377	Non-central of Leo I group^(3, 7)	31
16n	NGC 1400	Non-central of NGC 1407 group⁽²⁾	71
17n	NGC 4526	Non-central of Virgo B⁽⁸⁾	33

Notes. A lower rank means the galaxy dominates a larger structure. The suffix “n” of the rank indicates noncentral galaxies. The mass stands for the virial mass. The r_max column indicates the galactocentric distance of the last bin of measurements of the gravitational field.

References. (1) Sect. 3; (2) Tully (2015); (3) Ferrarese et al. (2000); (4) Forbes et al. (2012); (5) Karachentsev et al. (2022); (6) Spitler et al. (2008); (7) Müller et al. (2018); (8) Vattakunnel et al. (2010).

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