Schematic overview of the four surrogate architectures investigated in this work. Left: fully connected surrogates (FCNN, MON). Right: latent-evolution surrogates (LNODE, LP). All models take the initial state (x₀), the desired output time (t), and, for parametric datasets, additional physical parameters (p), and output the predicted state (x(t)). Optional components are shown in gray, and parameter-handling options (p_a and p_b) denote alternative ways of incorporating the parameters.