Fig. 1

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Transit spectrum of K2-18 b based on the detection with Kepler (Montet et al. 2015) and characterisation with HST/WFC (Benneke et al. 2017), Spitzer (Benneke et al. 2019), JWST/NIRISS & JWST/NIRSpec (Madhusudhan et al. 2023; Schmidt et al. 2025), and JWST/MIRI (Madhusudhan et al. 2025; Liu et al. 2025). Different panels compare different pipelines for the NIRISS and NIRSpec analyses.
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