Fig. 1

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Demonstration of the geometric setup used in our X-ray PPM forward computation, shown in the lab-frame coordinate system
. A surface patch (orange square) on the stellar surface at colatitude θ and rotational phase ϕ, viewed along the observer’s line-of-sight unit vector,
. Definitions of all unit vectors are given in Table 1 and angle conventions are summarized in Table 2.
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