Comparison of gravitational force laws between the periodic cubic (T³) and the periodic cylindrical (S¹ × ℝ²) geometry. Each plot demonstrates the deviation from the Newton’s law of universal gravitation due to the periodic topology. In both cases, a test particle was placed to the centre of the simulation volume, and the gravitational force field was calculated both in the corresponding and in ℝ³ topology. The heat maps are showing the |F|/|F_ℝ³| ratio of the force field magnitudes. The vector plots are demonstrating the F − F_ℝ³ difference of the gravitational force fields around the particle. The length of the arrows is proportional to the magnitude of the difference between the forces.