Characterizing structure formation through instance segmentation

¹ Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
e-mail: daniellopezcano13@gmail.com
² Departamento de Física Teórica, Módulo 15, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
³ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴ IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
⁵ Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain

Received: 15 December 2023
Accepted: 12 February 2024

Abstract

Dark matter haloes form from small perturbations to the almost homogeneous density field of the early universe. Although it is known how large these initial perturbations must be to form haloes, it is rather poorly understood how to predict which particles will end up belonging to which halo. However, it is this process that determines the Lagrangian shape of proto-haloes and it is therefore essential to understand their mass, spin, and formation history. We present a machine learning framework to learn how the proto-halo regions of different haloes emerge from the initial density field. We developed one neural network to distinguish semantically which particles become part of any halo and a second neural network that groups these particles by halo membership into different instances. This instance segmentation is done through the Weinberger method, in which the network maps particles into a pseudo-space representation where different instances can easily be distinguished through a simple clustering algorithm. Our model reliably predicts the masses and Lagrangian shapes of haloes object by object, as well as other properties such as the halo-mass function. We find that our model extracts information close to optimally by comparing it to the degree of agreement between two N-body simulations with slight differences in their initial conditions. We publish our model open source and suggest that it can be used to inform analytical methods of structure formation by studying the effect of systematic manipulations of the initial conditions.