Dipolar fluence distribution of statistically isotropic FERMI gamma-ray bursts

¹ Observatório Nacional, Rua General José Cristino 77, São Cristóvão, 20921-400 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
² Departamento de Ciências Naturais, CEUNES, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia BR 101 Norte, km. 60, CEP 29.932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil
³ Núcleo Cosmo-UFES, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 540, CEP 29.075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil

^⋆ Corresponding authors; marialopes@on.br, bernui@on.br, wiliam.ricaldi@ufes.br

Received: 9 September 2024
Accepted: 10 December 2024

Abstract

Aims. We investigated the large-angle distribution of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the updated FERMI/GBM catalog to probe the statistical isotropy of these astrophysical transient events. We also studied the angular distribution of the GRB fluence as a way to explore whether this radiative feature shows some preferred direction on the sky that suggest their origin.

Methods. Our model-independent approach performed a directional analysis of the updated FERMI/GBM catalog. The statistical significance of our results is obtained by comparison with a large set of statistically isotropic samples of cosmic objects, with the same features of the FERMI data.

Results. Our analyses confirm that the angular distribution of the FERMIGRB is statistically isotropic on the celestial sphere. Moreover, analyzing the directional distribution of the FERMIGRB fluence, that is, the median GRB fluence in a set of directions that scans the celestial sphere, we found that this astrophysical property exhibits a net dipolar structure with a directional preference for latitudes near the Galactic plane. However, additional studies show that this directional preference is not correlated with the Milky Way Galactic plane, which suggests that the GRB dataset, and its fluence dipolar structure, are extra-Galactic in origin. Interestingly, the analyses of the BATSE Channel 4 fluence data, that is, those GRBs from BATSE with energy > 300 keV, reveal that its dipole direction is very well aligned with the cosmic microwave background dipole.