Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS

¹ LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne, Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
² Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France

^★ Corresponding author.

Received: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2025

Abstract

Context. The direct detection of circumstellar discs through high-contrast imaging provides key insights into the history and dynamics of planetary systems. Pole-on discs, especially faint debris discs, are difficult to detect and require careful consideration during post-processing to remove stellar residuals from the data while preserving the disc signal. Reference-star differential imaging (RDI) serves as one of the primary post-processing methods for disc observations; however, the impact of the reference library on the detection sensitivity of discs has yet to be fully explored.

Aims. We aim to explore different reference library selection metrics in order to develop a method of reference frame selection that is optimised for pole-on discs to be used for the upcoming large-scale RDI reduction of archival SPHERE/IRDIS observations in the search of new discs.

Methods. We performed RDI post-processing based on principal component analysis on 20 targets without discs and with varying observational conditions and seven targets with discs, using reference libraries built from frames that were preselected to best match different observational, atmospheric, and stellar parameters of the science frames. The contrast of the disc-free reductions was measured, and forward modelling was used to estimate the signal loss from over-subtraction using synthetic pole-on discs with two different widths and four different radii. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the real disc targets was measured.

Results. Diverse reference libraries built using subsets of frames that closely matched different parameters achieved the best disc S/N and smallest deviation from the best contrast of each target, outperforming libraries built using a single criteria as a selection metric. Libraries built using frame-to-frame Pearson correlation coefficient alone as a selection criterion achieved the best mean contrast overall. Both selection metrics performed consistently well for all disc radii and observational conditions. We also found that reference libraries built using frames observed close in time to the science frame performed well for discs at small separations, giving the best contrast for ~30% of the targets at a radius of 20 px.