Identifying the physical periods in the radio emission from the γ-ray emitting binary LS I +61 303

¹ Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
² Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
³ Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICC), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain

^⋆ Corresponding author: Frederic.Jaron@tuwien.ac.at

Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 19 October 2025

Abstract

Context. The γ-ray emitting binary system LS I +61 303 exhibits periodic emission across the electromagnetic spectrum, extending from radio frequencies up to the very-high-energy regime. The most prominent features are three periods with values P₁ = 26.5 d, P₂ = 26.9 d, and P_long = 4.6 years. Occasionally, a fourth period of 26.7 d is also detected. Mathematically, these four periods are interrelated via the interference pattern of a beating. Competing scenarios that seek to determine which of these periods are physical and which are secondary are under debate. In addition, the detection of a fifth period, P₃ = 26.3 d, was recently claimed.

Aims. Our aim is to determine which of these periods are intrinsic (i.e., whether they are likely to be related to physical processes) and which of these are secondary (i.e., resulting from interference). We chose to avoid any assumption concerning the physical scenario and restricted our analysis to the phenomenology of the radio emission variability.

Methods. We selected intervals from archival radio data and applied the generalized Lomb-Scargle periodogram. We fit the observational data to generate synthetic datasets that only contain specific signals in the form of pure sine waves. We analyzed these synthetic data to assess the impact of these signals and their interference on the light curves and the periodogram.

Results. The two-peaked profile, consisting of P₁ and P₂, was detected in the periodogram of the actual data for intervals that are significantly shorter than P_long, provided that these intervals contain the minimum of the long-term modulation. The characteristics of the observational data and their periodogram could only be reproduced with synthetic data if these explicitly included all of the three periods, P₁, P₂, and P_long, with the residuals being limited by noise.

Conclusions. We have found, for the first time, that all three periods, P₁, P₂, and P_long, could, in fact, correspond to physically real processes occurring in LS I +61 303. This should be considered when modeling the physical processes in this binary system.