Modelling spacecraft-emitted electrons measured by the SWA-EAS experiment on board the Solar Orbiter mission

¹ Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Boční II 1a/1401, 14100 Prague, Czechia
² Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Boční II 1a/1401, 14100 Prague, Czechia
³ Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
⁴ Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁵ Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Uppsala 75121, Sweden
⁶ LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France

^★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 7 January 2026
Accepted: 20 March 2026

Abstract

Aims. Thermal electron measurements in space plasmas typically suffer at low energies from spacecraft emissions of photo- and secondary electrons and from charging of the spacecraft body. We aim to examine these effects by using numerical simulations in the context of electron measurements acquired by the Electron Analyser System (SWA-EAS) on board the Solar Orbiter mission.

Methods. We employed the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software to model the interaction of the Solar Orbiter spacecraft with solar wind plasma. In the model, we implemented a virtual detector to simulate the measured electron energy spectra as observed in situ by the SWA-EAS experiment. For comparison with the real SWA-EAS data, numerical simulations were set according to the measured plasma conditions at 0.3 AU. From the simulation results, we derived the electron energy spectra as detected by the virtual SWA-EAS experiment for different electron populations and compared these with both the initial plasma conditions and the corresponding real SWA-EAS data samples.

Results. We found a qualitative agreement between the simulated and real data observed in situ by the SWA-EAS detector. Contrary to other space missions, the contamination by cold electrons emitted from the spacecraft is seen well above the spacecraft potential energy threshold. A detailed analysis of the simulated electron energy spectra demonstrates that contamination above the threshold is a result of cold electron fluxes emitted from distant spacecraft surfaces. The relative position of the break in the simulated spectrum with respect to the spacecraft potential slightly deviates from that in the real observations. This may indicate that the real potential of the SWA-EAS detector with respect to ambient plasma differs from the spacecraft potential value measured on board. The overall contamination is shown to be composed of emissions from a number of different sources and their relative contribution varies with the ambient plasma conditions.