Top panel: Net (black points) and effective (blue points) charging of the LISA TM during the recurrent GCR variation associated with the passage of one high-speed solar wind stream observed with LPF in November 2016. Only the proton flux was simulated. As a comparison, the trend of the simulated proton flux F_p(t), integrated in the 0.5–1.5 GV rigidity bin, was superimposed on the λ_NET and λ_EFF data through multiplication by a constant (dashed lines). Central panel: Net (black points) and effective (blue points) charging of the LISA TM during the SEP event of December 13, 2006. The dashed lines show the same comparison as in the top panel with the normalized proton flux. Bottom panel: Net (black points) and effective (blue points) charging of the LISA TM during the Forbush decrease following the SEP event of December 13, 2006 (SEPs were subtracted from the data). The dashed lines show the same comparison as in the top panel with the normalized proton flux.