Top panel: comparison of the contribution to the total λ_NET and total λ_EFF for a primary proton flux (ϕ = 200 MV/c) and particles of different energies. The dashed line represents the input proton spectrum and is not to scale. Bottom panel: breakdown of the ${\lambda }_{NET}^i$ from the most abundant particle species that contribute to the total λ_NET as a function of the energy of the primary proton.