Evolution of the ionising output of galaxies (ξ_ionf_esc^LyC) with redshift. The ionising output required to sustain reionisation determined by Robertson et al. (2013) is depicted with shaded purple region, while the mean ionising output needed to maintain EoR adopted by Davies et al. (2024) is shown with a dotted pink line. The values determined by Meyer et al. (2019, 2020) are shown with a dashed blue and dashdotted pink lines. Low−z SFGs (Izotov et al. 2018, 2024) are shown with pale pink squares, high−z faint LAEs (Saxena et al. 2024) are shown with red triangles, high−z strong Hα emitters (Rinaldi et al. 2024) are shown with purple diamonds, and LAE-11 is depicted with a yellow star. We used the median f_esc^LyC.