Interaction of Trappist-1 exoplanets with coronal mass ejections: Joule heating, Poynting fluxes, and the role of magnetic fields

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Volume 700 (August 2025)

A&A, 700 (2025) A225

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Table 3

Statistical flare and CME parameters.

E^(erg)	10²⁹	10³⁰	10³¹	10³²	10³³
n_E^†	$4_{- 1.3}^{+ 2.1}$ $4$^{+2.1}_{-1.3}$$	${3.6}_{- 1.3}^{+ 2.1}$ $3.6$^{+2.1}_{-1.3}$$	${0.9}_{- 0.5}^{+ 1.4}$ $0.9$^{+1.4}_{-0.5}$$	${0.01}_{- 10^{- 3}}^{+ 10^{- 3}}$ $0.01$^{+10^{-3}}_{-10^{-3}}$$	${0.001}_{- 10^{- 4}}^{+ 10^{- 4}}$ $0.001$^{+10^{-4}}_{-10^{-4}}$$
N_E^★	$123_{- 85}^{+ 201}$ $123$^{+201}_{-85}$$	$110_{- 78}^{+ 192}$ $110$^{+192}_{-78}$$	$28_{- 22}^{+ 94}$ $28$^{+94}_{-22}$$	${0.3}_{- 0.26}^{+ 0.49}$ $0.3$^{+0.49}_{-0.26}$$	${0.03}_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.03}$ $0.03$^{+0.03}_{-0.02}$$

Notes. ^†Flares with energy E per day n_E. ^★ $N_{E} = n_{E} f \times T$ $N_E = n_E\,f\,\times T$ . Estimated number of CME events per considered timescale T and flare energy E_flare based on the flare frequency distribution of Howard et al. (2023) and Seli et al. (2021). The averaging timescale is T = 1 year and the CME event fraction is f = 0.084-0-065 (Grayver et al. 2022). See the corresponding Sect. 4.3.

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