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Fig. 9

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Left: brightness temperature of the protostellar disks calculated from the full Planck equation as a function of the evolutionary stage (bolometric temperature). Right: transition between disks with substructures and without substructures at Tbol ∼ 200 K, which is not due to the optical depth. We do not see a discontinuity for the brightness temperature to dust temperature ratio (Tbright,Planck/Tdust) at 200 K. For optically thick disks, the Tbright,Planck/Tdust ratio should be close to 1 (horizontal black line). We adopted the dust temperature from Equation (1), and excluded the circumbinary disks.

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