Noise levels in the Stokes V data as achieved by the pipeline. The blue lines represent the measured noise levels from the observational data for two time-frequency integrations (8 s × 195 kHz and 1 hour × 10 MHz), derived from both dynamic spectra and images. The green lines indicate the theoretical thermal noise of NenuFAR for the same time-frequency integrations. The orange line represents the estimated confusion noise in Stokes V, caused by the 0.75% leakage from Stokes I.