Gravitationally bound gas determines star formation in the Galaxy

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Volume 701 (September 2025)

A&A, 701 (2025) A152

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Table 2

Information and derived parameters for massive star-forming regions.

Clouds	Distance (kpc)	$M_{A_{V} > 8}^{Herschel}$ $\[M_{\mathrm{A_V}>8}^{\text {Herschel}}\]$ (M_⊙)	M_sgb (M_⊙)	SFR (10⁻⁶ M_⊙ yr⁻¹)	N_threshold (cm⁻²)
W3(OH)	2.0±0.1	1.8±0.5 × 10³	${3.9}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.1}$ $\[3.9_{-1.1}^{+1.1}\]$ × 10³	18.2±9.1	${3.53}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.08}$ $\[3.53_{-0.01}^{+0.08}\]$ × 10²¹
G9.62+0.10	5.2±0.5	3.1±0.9 × 10⁵	${2.0}_{- 0.6}^{+ 0.9}$ $\[2.0_{-0.6}^{+0.9}\]$ × 10⁴	68.0±34.0	${1.31}_{- 0.23}^{+ 0.12}$ $\[1.31_{-0.23}^{+0.12}\]$ × 10²²
G10.30–0.10	3.2±0.1	4.3±1.3 × 10⁵	${1.3}_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.4}$ $\[1.3_{-0.3}^{+0.4}\]$ × 10⁴	26.4±13.2	${2.62}_{- 0.23}^{+ 0.57}$ $\[2.62_{-0.23}^{+0.57}\]$ × 10²²
G10.60–0.40	5.0±0.5	9.4±2.9 × 10⁴	${2.3}_{- 0.7}^{+ 1.1}$ $\[2.3_{-0.7}^{+1.1}\]$ × 10⁴	145.2±72.6	${1.87}_{- 0.13}^{+ 0.12}$ $\[1.87_{-0.13}^{+0.12}\]$ × 10²²
G12.89+0.49	2.5±0.3	1.4±0.4 × 10⁴	${3.8}_{- 1.7}^{+ 1.7}$ $\[3.8_{-1.7}^{+1.7}\]$ × 10³	5.2±2.6	${1.14}_{- 0.22}^{+ 0.23}$ $\[1.14_{-0.22}^{+0.23}\]$ × 10²²
W33A	2.5±0.2	1.5±0.5 × 10³	${5.9}_{- 3.0}^{+ 2.5}$ $\[5.9_{-3.0}^{+2.5}\]$ × 10³	34.6±17.3	${3.60}_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.09}$ $\[3.60_{-0.10}^{+0.09}\]$ × 10²²
W43M	5.3±0.5	1.7±0.5 × 10⁵	${9.2}_{- 2.1}^{+ 2.6}$ $\[9.2_{-2.1}^{+2.6}\]$ × 10⁴	148.6±74.3	${2.61}_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.02}$ $\[2.61_{-0.02}^{+0.02}\]$ × 10²²
G35.20–0.74	2.2±0.2	1.4±0.4 × 10⁴	${1.0}_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.3}$ $\[1.0_{-0.3}^{+0.3}\]$ × 10⁴	4.4±2.2	${9.35}_{- 0.42}^{+ 1.89}$ $\[9.35_{-0.42}^{+1.89}\]$ × 10²¹
W49N	11.1±0.9	5.2±1.6 × 10⁵	${2.4}_{- 0.9}^{+ 0.6}$ $\[2.4_{-0.9}^{+0.6}\]$ × 10⁵	704.2±352.1	${1.10}_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.08}$ $\[1.10_{-0.14}^{+0.08}\]$ × 10²¹
OH43.80–0.13	6.9±0.2	5.1±1.6 × 10⁴	${2.0}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.4}$ $\[2.0_{-0.4}^{+0.4}\]$ × 10⁴	35.9±18.0	${8.53}_{- 0.26}^{+ 0.24}$ $\[8.53_{-0.26}^{+0.24}\]$ × 10²¹
W51M	5.4±0.3	3.8±1.1 × 10⁴	${8.2}_{- 1.6}^{+ 1.6}$ $\[8.2_{-1.6}^{+1.6}\]$ × 10⁴	529.5±264.7	${2.07}_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.12}$ $\[2.07_{-0.24}^{+0.12}\]$ × 10²²
G59.78+0.06	2.2±0.1	8.6±2.6 × 10²	${1.9}_{- 0.7}^{+ 0.5}$ $\[1.9_{-0.7}^{+0.5}\]$ × 10³	2.7±1.4	${5.86}_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.01}$ $\[5.86_{-0.09}^{+0.01}\]$ × 10²¹
S106	1.3±0.1	8.3±2.5 × 10³	${1.1}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.6}$ $\[1.1_{-0.4}^{+0.6}\]$ × 10⁴	114.4±57.2	${6.07}_{- 0.16}^{+ 0.22}$ $\[6.07_{-0.16}^{+0.22}\]$ × 10²¹
W75N	1.3±0.1	1.9±0.6 × 10³	${1.7}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.4}$ $\[1.7_{-0.4}^{+0.4}\]$ × 10³	8.1±4.1	${7.94}_{- 1.18}^{+ 0.77}$ $\[7.94_{-1.18}^{+0.77}\]$ × 10²¹
DR21 S	1.5±0.1	5.6±1.7 × 10³	${7.2}_{- 1.4}^{+ 1.4}$ $\[7.2_{-1.4}^{+1.4}\]$ × 10³	30.8±15.4	${4.65}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.09}$ $\[4.65_{-0.11}^{+0.09}\]$ × 10²¹
S158	2.8±0.2	1.7±0.5 × 10⁴	${2.0}_{- 0.4}^{+ 0.3}$ $\[2.0_{-0.4}^{+0.3}\]$ × 10⁴	43.5±21.8	${4.77}_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.11}$ $\[4.77_{-0.14}^{+0.11}\]$ × 10²¹

Notes. The distances were mainly calculated based on parallax measurements from Reid et al. (2014), while the distance of G10.30–0.10 is from Lin et al. (2016). N_threshold is the threshold column density corresponding to the turning position between lognormal and power-law distribution in N-PDF. $M_{A_{V} > 8}^{Herschel}$ $\[M_{\mathrm{A_V}>8}^{\text {Herschel}}\]$ is the dense gas mass above N(H₂) = 7.4×10²¹ cm⁻². M_sgb is the gas mass above N_threshold. SFRs were calculated from the bolometric luminosity.

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