σ₀ vs Σ_SFR of CRISTAL disks compared with analytical models from Krumholz et al. (2018). The solid lines in the upper panel show the σ₀ values predicted from the Transport+Feedback model with orbital period t_orb = [30, 120] Myr. Similarly, for the lower panel, but for the ‘Feedback-only’ model. The results are broadly consistent with the ‘feedback+transport’ model, suggesting that the elevated velocity dispersion of normal star-forming galaxies at this epoch requires additional gravitational energy from mass transport across the disk.