Enhanced mass loss of very massive stars: Impact on the evolution, binary processes, and remnant mass spectrum

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Volume 701 (September 2025)

A&A, 701 (2025) A126

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Table 1.

Definitions used for different stellar types, adapted from Josiek et al. (2024).

Type	log T_eff [K]	$X_{H}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{S}}$
OB	≥4.0	> 0.3	MS
BSG	≥4.0	> 0.3	Post-MS
YSG	3.7−4.0
RSG	≤3.7

WR	≥4.0	< 0.3

WNh	≥4.0	10⁻⁵ − 0.3
WN	≥4.0	≤10⁻⁵	$X_{N}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{N}}^{\mathrm{S}}$ ≥ $X_{C}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}}$
WC	4.0−5.25	≤10⁻⁵	$X_{C}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}}$ > $X_{N}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{N}}^{\mathrm{S}}$
WO	≥5.25	≤10⁻⁵	$X_{O}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{O}}^{\mathrm{S}}$ ≳ $X_{C}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{S}}$ > $X_{N}^{S}$ $X_{\mathrm{N}}^{\mathrm{S}}$

Notes. X^S indicates the percentage of H, C, N, and O at the stellar surface. BSG, YSG, and RSG stand for blue, yellow, and red supergiant, respectively.

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