Granulation signatures in 3D hydrodynamical simulations: Evaluating background model performance using a Bayesian nested sampling framework

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Volume 701 (September 2025)

A&A, 701 (2025) A92

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Table 1

Background models used in this work, listed in order of increasing complexity.

Model	Functional form	Free parameters	No. of components	Reference
D	$\frac{a^{2} / b}{1 + (ν / b)^{l}}$ ${\Large $\frac{a^2/b}{1+(\nu/b)^{l}}$}$	a,b,l	1	Kallinger et al. (2014)
J	$\frac{a^{2}}{1 + (ν / b)^{l} + (ν / d)^{k}}$ ${\Large $\frac{a^2}{1+(\nu/b)^{l} + (\nu/d)^{k}}$}$	a,b,d,l,k	Hybrid	Lundkvist et al. (2021)
H	$\frac{a^{2} / b}{1 + (ν / b)^{l}} + \frac{c^{2} / d}{1 + (ν / d)^{k}}$ ${\Large $\frac{a^2/b}{1+(\nu/b)^{l}}+\frac{c^2/d}{1+(\nu/d)^{k}}$}$	a,b,c,d,l,k	2	Kallinger et al. (2014)
T	$\frac{a^{2} / b}{1 + (ν / b)^{l}} + \frac{c^{2} / d}{1 + (ν / d)^{k}} + \frac{e^{2} / f}{1 + (ν / f)^{m}}$ ${\Large $\frac{a^2/b}{1+(\nu/b)^{l}}+\frac{c^2/d}{1+(\nu/d)^{k}} + \frac{e^2/f}{1+(\nu/f)^{m}}$}$	a,b,c,d,e,f,l,k,m	3	This work

Notes. The model name, functional form, summarised free parameters, number of components, and reference is given by the table. The parameters a, c, and e are amplitudes in ppm, while b, d, and f are the associated characteristic frequencies in microhertz, respectively. The exponents of the characteristic frequencies are denoted l, k, and m.

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