Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau - Preference for submillimetre-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains

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Volume 702 (October 2025)

A&A, 702 (2025) A56

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Table K.6

Comparison between pebble masses measured in the optically thin approximation and from multi-frequency continuum observations for the best studied sources in the literature and CI Tau.

Name	Flux density (1.3 mm) (mJy)	Distance (pc)	Pebble mass (OT) (M_Earth)	Pebble mass (MF) (M_Earth)	Outer radius (au)	Composition	Comments	References
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
HL Tau	744.1	147	441.89	332.95	100	Pollack	q = 3.5	1, 2, 3
TW Hya	575.4	60.1	57.19	250 to 330	70	DSHARP (default)	Large grains	4, 5, 4
TW Hya	575.4	60.1	57.19	210 to 310	70	DSHARP (default)	Large grains, q = 3.5	4, 5, 4
IM Lup	253	153.8	153.62	${1211.92}_{- 469.45}^{+ 662.56}$ $\[1211.92_{-469.45}^{+662.56}\]$	150	DSHARP (default)	Large grains, q = 2.5	7, 6, 8
GM Aur	264.1	155.0	129.13	${246.38}_{- 43.28}^{+ 113.20}$ $\[246.38_{-43.28}^{+113.20}\]$	175	DSHARP (default)	−	9, 6, 8
AS 209	288	120.4	107.16	${249.71}_{- 69.92}^{+ 239.72}$ $\[249.71_{-69.92}^{+239.72}\]$	125	DSHARP (default)	Large grains, q = 2.5	7, 6, 8
HD 163296	715	103.7	197.46	${276.35}_{- 59.93}^{+ 449.48}$ $\[276.35_{-59.93}^{+449.48}\]$	120	DSHARP (default)	Large grains, q = 2.5	7, 6, 8
HD 163296	715	103.7	197.46	265	120	DIANA	−	7, 5, 10
MWC 480	268	156.2	179.74	${396.21}_{- 96.55}^{+ 589.31}$ $\[396.21_{-96.55}^{+589.31}\]$	100	DSHARP (default)	Large grains, q = 2.5	11, 5, 8
LkCa 15	418.1	154.8	292.05	253.12	120	DSHARP (default)	q = 3	12, 6, 12
LkCa 15	418.1	154.8	292.05	9.99	120	Ricci (compact	q = 3	12, 6, 12
				${31.13}_{- 6.00}^{+ 8.77}$ $\[31.13_{-6.00}^{+8.77}\]$		Ricci (compact)	−
CI Tau	147.7	160.3	107.50	${28.25}_{- 5.58}^{+ 8.34}$ $\[28.25_{-5.58}^{+8.34}\]$	200	Zubko (BE)	−	13, 6, 13
				${250.40}_{- 37.73}^{+ 51.46}$ $\[250.40_{-37.73}^{+51.46}\]$		DSHARP (default)	−

Notes. Column 1: Source name. Column 2: ALMA Band 6 flux density. Column 3: Source distance. Column 4 and 5: Pebble mass in the optically thin approximation (Equation 11, OT) and the surface density profile from multi-frequency observations (MF). Column 6: Outermost disc radius the surface density was integrated over. Column 7 and 8: Adopted composition and fitting assumptions. DIANA opacities (Min et al. 2016; Woitke et al. 2016, labelled ‘DIANA’), are made of 60% amorphous silicates (Dorschner et al. 1995) and 15% amorphous carbonaceous materials (Zubko et al. 1996, BE-sample), with 25% porosity by volume. The mixture was generated using the Bruggeman rule, with bulk density ρ_s = 2.08 g cm⁻³. Carrasco-González et al. (2019) generated a set of opacities adopting the optical constant of Pollack et al. (1994, labelled ‘Pollack’). Their mixture is made of 26% silicates, 31% organics, and 43% water ice by volume, with bulk density ρ = 2.05 g cm⁻³.

References. Flux density, distance, and pebble mass from: (1) ALMA Partnership (2015); (2) Galli et al. (2018); (3) Carrasco-González et al. (2019); (4) Macías et al. (2021); (5) Gaia Collaboration (2020); (6) Gaia Collaboration (2023); (7) Andrews et al. (2018); (8) Sierra et al. (2021); (9) Huang et al. (2020a); (10) Guidi et al. (2022); (11) Liu (2019); (12) Sierra et al. (2025); (13) this paper.

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