ALMA-IMF - XIX. C18O (J = 2–1): Measurements of turbulence in 15 massive protoclusters

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Volume 702 (October 2025)

A&A, 702 (2025) A133

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Table 3

Comparison between the turbulence in the protoclusters obtained from C¹⁸O (2–1) lines and the turbulence of the DCN (3–2) cores inside the protoclusters.

Source name	Evolutionary stage	No. of DCN cores (Single spectra)	σ_{nth, DCN} (km s⁻¹)	σ_{nth, C¹⁸O} (km s⁻¹)	M_{s, DCN}	M_{s, C¹⁸O}
W43-MM1	Y	15	0.41 (0.23)	${1.43}_{0.22}^{0.50}$ $\[1.43_{0.22}^{0.50}\]$	2.2 (1.1)	${8.1}_{1.3}^{2.8}$ $\[8.1_{1.3}^{2.8}\]$
W43-MM2	Y	18	0.57 (0.23)	${1.45}_{0.22}^{0.42}$ $\[1.45_{0.22}^{0.42}\]$	3.6 (1.5)	${8.5}_{1.3}^{2.4}$ $\[8.5_{1.3}^{2.4}\]$
G327.29	Y	13	0.54 (0.15)	${1.11}_{0.17}^{0.42}$ $\[1.11_{0.17}^{0.42}\]$	3.1 (0.9)	${6.5}_{1.0}^{2.4}$ $\[6.5_{1.0}^{2.4}\]$
G328.25	Y	3	0.83 (0.52)	${1.04}_{0.15}^{0.43}$ $\[1.04_{0.15}^{0.43}\]$	4.0 (2.5)	${6.0}_{0.9}^{2.4}$ $\[6.0_{0.9}^{2.4}\]$
G337.92	Y	8	0.96 (0.54)	${1.11}_{0.19}^{0.65}$ $\[1.11_{0.19}^{0.65}\]$	5.5 (2.7)	${6.6}_{1.1}^{3.5}$ $\[6.6_{1.1}^{3.5}\]$
G338.93	Y	18	0.67 (0.29)	${1.48}_{0.20}^{0.41}$ $\[1.48_{0.20}^{0.41}\]$	3.6 (1.4)	${8.6}_{1.2}^{2.1}$ $\[8.6_{1.2}^{2.1}\]$
W43-MM3	I	9	0.58 (0.30)	${1.35}_{0.20}^{0.49}$ $\[1.35_{0.20}^{0.49}\]$	3.1 (1.8)	${7.9}_{1.2}^{2.9}$ $\[7.9_{1.2}^{2.9}\]$
W51-E	I	7	0.75 (0.31)	${1.08}_{0.14}^{0.42}$ $\[1.08_{0.14}^{0.42}\]$	4.2 (1.7)	${6.5}_{0.8}^{2.7}$ $\[6.5_{0.8}^{2.7}\]$
G008.67	I	9	0.61 (0.23)	${1.19}_{0.18}^{0.42}$ $\[1.19_{0.18}^{0.42}\]$	3.3 (1.3)	${7.5}_{1.1}^{2.5}$ $\[7.5_{1.1}^{2.5}\]$
G351.77	I	4	0.57 (0.16)	${1.24}_{0.21}^{0.66}$ $\[1.24_{0.21}^{0.66}\]$	2.8 (0.8)	${7.0}_{1.1}^{3.7}$ $\[7.0_{1.1}^{3.7}\]$
G353.41	I	14	0.57 (0.29)	${0.91}_{0.12}^{0.33}$ $\[0.91_{0.12}^{0.33}\]$	3.0 (1.3)	${5.77}_{0.7}^{2.1}$ $\[5.77_{0.7}^{2.1}\]$
W51-IRS2	E	55	0.47 (0.23)	${1.05}_{0.14}^{0.37}$ $\[1.05_{0.14}^{0.37}\]$	2.4 (0.8)	${5.6}_{0.7}^{1.9}$ $\[5.6_{0.7}^{1.9}\]$
G010.62	E	28	0.43 (0.16)	${1.43}_{0.22}^{0.45}$ $\[1.43_{0.22}^{0.45}\]$	2.3 (0.8)	${8.4}_{1.2}^{2.7}$ $\[8.4_{1.2}^{2.7}\]$
G012.80	E	37	0.52 (0.29)	${0.99}_{0.12}^{0.39}$ $\[0.99_{0.12}^{0.39}\]$	2.7 (1.1)	${5.3}_{0.7}^{2.1}$ $\[5.3_{0.7}^{2.1}\]$
G333.60	E	28	0.51 (0.18)	${1.58}_{0.26}^{0.72}$ $\[1.58_{0.26}^{0.72}\]$	2.6 (0.7)	${8.7}_{1.3}^{4.3}$ $\[8.7_{1.3}^{4.3}\]$

Notes. Col. 1: protocluster names. Col. 2: evolutionary stages of the protoclusters. Symbols Y, I and E denote the young, intermediate, and evolved protoclusters (see Section 1). Col. 3: number of DCN (3–2) cores which show single type Gaussian spectra (Cunningham et al. 2023). Col. 4: mean (1σ) non-thermal velocity dispersion of DCN cores (σ_{nth, DCN}). Col. 5: mean (1σ) non-thermal velocity dispersion of C¹⁸O (2–1) line (σ_nth,C¹⁸O). Col. 6: mean (1σ) sonic Mach number (M_{s, DCN}) for DCN cores. Col 7: mean (1σ) sonic Mach number (M_{s, C¹⁸O}) for C¹⁸O (2–1) line.

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