Results of our stacking of four different redshift bins: z_obs = 0.5 − 1, 1 − 1.5, 1.5 − 2, and 2 − 3. Top panel: Cutouts of the map centre. We show the profile of the synthesised beam as a dashed white shape in the bottom left, and the number of individual galaxies stacked in the bottom right. The dashed red circle in the centre shows the aperture used to measure the source emission. The colour scaling is set to reflect the signal-to-noise ratio of each pixel. Bottom panel: Dust-to-stellar mass ratio (f_dust) of our stacks (green diamonds) at the weighted mean redshift of each stack in comparison to the f_dust measurements of massive QGs from the literature; grey symbols show individual measurements from dust (grey hexagons) and CO (grey squares), yellow symbols the results from stacking studies, and the dashed yellow and dash-dotted black lines the predictions from data fitting. The empty diamonds show our upper limits when assuming a lower dust temperature of 17 K. The dashed blue lines and shaded regions show the f_dust evolution of massive MS galaxies from Liu et al. (2019b) and Wang et al. (2022).