Top: Mass-loss rate as a function of colour for the LMC (blue), SMC (orange), and NGC 6822 (green triangles). The dashed and dotted vertical lines on the left panel indicate the median values at log(Ṁ/(M_⊙ yr⁻¹)) < ⁻⁷ for the LMC and SMC, respectively. Bottom: Colour mass-loss rate (left) and colour luminosity (right) diagrams for the LMC (blue), SMC (orange), and MW (grey squares). The open squares indicate the more uncertain Ṁ in the MW with not well-fit JHK_s photometry. The dashed vertical line shows the limit above which there are candidate dust-enshrouded RSGs.