Temporal evolution of atmospheric mass loss in response to stellar flares of different energies. The ratio of the instantaneous mass-loss rate to the quiescent mass-loss rate is shown for input flares ranging from 10³¹ erg (dark blue) to 10³⁶ erg (dark red). Values are provided at the system’s Hill radius. The top and bottom panels refer to the Earthand sub-Neptune-sized planet, respectively.