Why M-dwarf flares have a limited impact on the atmospheric evaporation of sub-Neptunes and Earth-sized planets

Open Access

Fig. 3

Fractional contributions to the flare-driven mass-loss increase (Eq. (4)) from different flare energies, shown for the high-activity (blue histogram) and low-activity (red) phase, and for four orbital separations. The left and right panels correspond to the Earth-sized planet and the sub-Neptune-sized planet, respectively.

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