Why M-dwarf flares have a limited impact on the atmospheric evaporation of sub-Neptunes and Earth-sized planets

Open Access

Table 2

Values of the total mass lost in the simplified two-phase evolution of the activity of the star.

	Earth-like				Sub-Neptune
	High act.	Low act.	Total (0-5 Gyr)		High act.	Low act.	Total (0-5 Gyr)
	(0-1 Gyr)	(1-5 Gyr)	[M_⊕]	[% M_p]	(0-1 Gyr)	(1-5 Gyr)	[M_⊕]	[% M_p]
a = 0.01 AU
w/o flares	0.301	0.345	0.646	64.6%	0.883	0.872	1.754	35.1%
w/ flares	0.330	0.348	0.678	67.8%	1.123	0.893	2.016	40.3%
a = 0.1 AU
w/o flares	0.016	0.009	0.025	2.5%	0.029	0.016	0.045	0.90%
w/ flares	0.021	0.010	0.031	3.1%	0.049	0.017	0.066	1.32%
a = 0.18 AU (Inner HZ)
w/o flares	0.006	0.003	0.009	0.9%	0.010	0.005	0.015	0.30%
w/ flares	0.009	0.003	0.012	1.2%	0.020	0.005	0.025	0.50%
a = 0.36 AU (Outer HZ)
w/o flares	0.002	0.001	0.003	0.3%	0.003	0.001	0.004	0.08%
w/ flares	0.003	0.001	0.004	0.4%	0.006	0.001	0.007	0.14%

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