Discovery of a multi-planet system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018

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Volume 702 (October 2025)

A&A, 702 (2025) A118

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Table 2

Priors and best-fit values for the free and derived parameters from the joint RV and light curve modelling.

Parameter	HD 224018 b		HD 224018 c		HD 224018 d		HD 224018 e
Prior	Best-fit value	Prior	Best-fit value	Prior	Best-fit value	Prior	Best-fit value

Free parameters

K [ms⁻¹]	U(0,3)	1.19±0.22	U(0,5)	${1.99}_{- 0.20}^{+ 0.23}$ $1.99^{+0.23}_{-0.20}$	U(0,5)	${0.52}_{- 0.20}^{+ 0.22}$ $0.52^{+0.22}_{-0.20}$	U(0,10)	${5.7}_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.4}$ $5.7^{+0.4}_{-0.3}$
Orbital period, P [d]	U(10.6,10.7)	10.6413±0.0028	U(36.4,36.7)	${36.57669}_{- 0.00017}^{+ 0.00019}$ $36.57669^{+0.00019}_{-0.00017}$	U(40,1000)	${138.0731}_{- 0.0050}^{+ 27.6127}$ $138.0731^{+27.6127}_{-0.0050}$	U(1500,20 000)	$9129_{- 2479}^{+ 2499}$ $9129^{+2499}_{-2479}$
$T_{c o n j o r p e r i a s t r o n}^{(a)}$ $T$_{\rm conj\,or\,periastron}^{(a)}$$	U(62.6,63.4)	${62.98}_{- 0.22}^{+ 0.24}$ $62.98^{+0.24}_{-0.22}$	U(78.0,78.5)	${78.1544}_{- 0.0084}^{+ 0.0080}$ $78.1544^{+0.0080}_{-0.0084}$	U(41.4,42.1)	${41.745}_{- 0.040}^{+ 0.051}$ $41.745^{+0.051}_{-0.040}$	U(−1700,14300)	$692_{- 59}^{+ 67}$ $692^{+67}_{-59}$
Eccentricity, e	N (0,0.1)	${0.06}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.06^{+0.07}_{-0.04}$	N(0,0.1)	0.02±0.02	N(0,0.1)	${0.04}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.04^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$	−	−
ω_* [rad]	U(0,2π)	${3.4}_{- 1.5}^{+ 1.2}$ $3.4^{+1.2}_{-1.5}$	U(0,2π)	${4.0}_{- 1.9}^{+ 1.4}$ $4.0^{+1.4}_{-1.9}$	U(0,2π)	${3.6}_{- 2.4}^{+ 1.7}$ $3.6^{+1.7}_{-2.4}$	−	−
$\sqrt{e} \cos ω_{⋆}$ $\sqrt{e}\cos\omega_\star$	−	−	−	−	−	−	U(−1,1)	$- {0.743}_{- 0.046}^{+ 0.059}$ $-0.743^{+0.059}_{-0.046}$
$\sqrt{e} \sin ω_{⋆}$ $\sqrt{e}\sin\omega_\star$	−	−	−	−	−	−	U(−1,1)	−0.19±0.12
r/R_*	U(0,0.03)	${0.0073}_{- 0.0046}^{+ 0.0051}$ $0.0073^{+0.0051}_{-0.0046}$	U(0,0.03) 0.01935±0.00039	U(0,0.03)	${0.01927}_{- 0.00085}^{+ 0.00087}$ $0.01927^{+0.00087}_{-0.00085}$	−	−
i [deg]	U(85,90)	${86.7}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.6}$ $86.7^{+1.6}_{-1.1}$	U(85,90)	89.8±0.2	U(85, 90)	89.9±0.1	−	−

Derived parameters

Radius, r [R_⊕]	−	${0.91}_{- 0.57 (- 0.90)}^{+ 0.64 (+ 1.56)}^{(b)}$ $0.91$^{+0.64\, (+1.56)}_{-0.57\, (-0.90)}$\,$^{(b)}$$	−	${2.42}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.07}$ $2.42^{+0.07}_{-0.08}$	−	2.4 ± 0.1	−	−
Mass, m [M_⊕]	−	4.1 ± 0.8	−	${10.4}_{- 1.1}^{+ 1.3}$ $10.4^{+1.3}_{-1.1}$	−	${4.2}_{- 1.6}^{+ 1.8}$ $4.2^{+1.8}_{-1.6}$	−	$151_{- 14}^{+ 13}^{(c)}$ $151^{+13}_{-14}$\,$^{(c)}$
Bulk density, ρ [g cm⁻³]	−	${17.1}_{- 6.0}^{+ 10.2}$ $17.1^{+10.2}_{-6.0}$	−	${4.0}_{- 0.6}^{+ 0.7}$ $4.0^{+0.7}_{-0.6}$	−	${1.7}_{- 0.6}^{+ 0.8}$ $1.7^{+0.8}_{-0.6}$	−	−
Eccentricity, e	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	${0.60}_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.60^{+0.07}_{-0.08}$
ω_* [rad]	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	$- {2.9}_{- 0.1}^{+ 0.2}$ $-2.9^{+0.2}_{-0.1}$
a [au]	−	${0.0952}_{- 0.002}^{+ 0.002}$ $0.0952^{+0.002}_{-0.002}$	−	0.217 ± 0.005	−	${0.53}_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.06}$ $0.53^{+0.06}_{-0.02}$	−	${8.6}_{- 1.6}^{+ 1.5}$ $8.6^{+1.5}_{-1.6}$
T_eq ^(d) [K]	−	968 ± 19	−	641 ± 12	−	$411_{- 21}^{+ 11}$ $411^{+11}_{-21}$	−	$102_{- 8}^{+ 11}$ $102^{+11}_{-8}$

Stellar and instrument-related parameters

	Prior		Best-fit value

ρ_⋆ [ρ_⊙]	N(0.67, 0.07)		0.64 ± 0.05
α₀^(e)	U(−5, 5)		${0.13}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.13^{+0.07}_{-0.06}$
q_{1, K2, CHEOPS}	U(0, 1)		${0.30}_{- 0.13}^{+ 0.19}$ $0.30^{+0.19}_{-0.13}$
q_{2, K2, CHEOPS}	U(0, 1)		${0.28}_{- 0.19}^{+ 0.27}$ $0.28^{+0.27}_{-0.19}$
u_{1, K2, CHEOPS}	Derived		${0.31}_{- 0.20}^{+ 0.21}$ $0.31^{+0.21}_{-0.20}$
u_{2, K2, CHEOPS}	Derived		${0.23}_{- 0.28}^{+ 0.26}$ $0.23^{+0.26}_{-0.28}$
q_{1, TESS}	U(0,1)		${0.04}_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.10}$ $0.04^{+0.10}_{-0.03}$
q_{2, TESS}	U(0,1)		${0.27}_{- 0.20}^{+ 0.32}$ $0.27^{+0.32}_{-0.20}$
u_{1, TESS}	Derived		${0.10}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.14}$ $0.10^{+0.14}_{-0.07}$
u_{2, TESS}	Derived		${0.08}_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.17}$ $0.08^{+0.17}_{-0.10}$
γ_K2	U(−10⁻³,10⁻³)		−2.0±8.0·10⁻⁶
γ_CHEOPS	U(−10⁻³,10⁻³)		−1.7±8.0·10⁻⁵
γ_TESS	U(−10⁻³,10⁻³)		−4±4· 10⁻⁵
σ_{jit, K2}	U(0,10⁻³)		6±4·10⁻⁶
σ_{jit, CHEOPS}	U(0,10⁻³)		1.66±8.0·10⁻⁵
σ_{jit, TESS}	U(0,10⁻³)		2.93±6.0·10⁻⁴
σ_{jit, HARPS N} [ms⁻¹]	U(0,5)]		1.4±0.1
γ_{HARPS N} [ms⁻¹]	U(−5,5)		${4.0}_{- 0.8}^{+ 0.7}$ $4.0^{+0.7}_{-0.8}$

Notes. ^(a)Epochs are given as BJD-2 457 700. For planets b, c, and d they correspond to the times of inferior conjunction. For the candidate planet e, this epoch is the time of periastron passage. ^(b)Values in parentheses are the uncertainties and upper limits at the 99.7% confidence level.^(c)This is the minimum mass, m_e sin i_e [M_⊕]. ^(d)Assuming zero albedo. For planet e, the semi-major axis is taken as a reference distance for the calculation. ^(e)This is the SCALPELS coefficient.

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