Fig. 4.
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Properties of a spiral with density (Eq. (31)) and its (numerically computed) potential. Radial profiles of the amplitude ratio to the first-order tight-winding approximation (Eqs. (9) and (10b)), the offsets of phase and pitch angle between the potential and density, and the torque per annulus (< 0 if angular momentum is lost for stars in a galaxy with a trailing spiral).
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