Fig. 1
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Kinematic signature evolution of the m = 2 (upper panels) and m = 1 (lower panels) kinematic kicks. We show snapshots of the velocity perturbation fields at five different times (t = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 Gyr). For each kick mode, the top row displays the radial velocity perturbation, ∆VR, while the bottom row shows the azimuthal velocity perturbation, ∆Vϕ. The solid and dash-dotted curves overlaid on the ∆VR panels indicate the theoretical spiral loci wrapping at pattern speeds Ω − κ/m and Ω + κ/m, respectively. The panels demonstrate the clear appearance of two spiral wave patterns for both m = 2 and m = 1 modes, with the theoretical loci accurately matching the observed evolution of the waves in the velocity fields.
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