Investigating aerosols as a way to reconcile K2-18 b JWST MIRI and NIRISS/NIRSpec observations

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Volume 702 (October 2025)

A&A, 702 (2025) L20

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Table 2.

Free retrieval results for combined observations.

Model	ln(Z)	ln(B)	Metallicity
Flat line	28999.08	Reference	–
Worst model	29007.74	8.66	21.07 $_{- 16.92}^{+ 18.48}$ $^{+18.48}_{-16.92}$

All molecules	29006.25	Reference	40.85 $_{- 12.87}^{+ 8.49}$ $^{+8.49}_{-12.87}$
CH₄/C₂H₄/CO₂	29009.54	3.29	19.63 $_{- 13.57}^{+ 14.53}$ $^{+14.53}_{-13.57}$
CH₄/C₂H₄/CO₂	29009.54	Reference	19.63 $_{- 13.57}^{+ 14.53}$ $^{+14.53}_{-13.57}$

With Tholins exo1	29015.07	5.53	0.29 $_{- 0.22}^{+ 1.27}$ $^{+1.27}_{-0.22}$
No CO₂	29007.74	1.84	21.07 $_{- 16.92}^{+ 18.48}$ $^{+18.48}_{-16.92}$
With Tholins exo2	29011.21	1.67	1.53 $_{- 1.46}^{+ 28.05}$ $^{+28.05}_{-1.46}$
With Tholins Titan1	29010.59	1.05	2.14 $_{- 2.08}^{+ 30.89}$ $^{+30.89}_{-2.08}$
With Tholins Titan5	29010.27	0.73	0.22 $_{- 0.18}^{+ 24.04}$ $^{+24.04}_{-0.18}$
With Tholins Titan2	29009.92	0.38	20.64 $_{- 19.59}^{+ 15.51}$ $^{+15.51}_{-19.59}$
With Tholins Titan3	29009.76	0.07	0.53 $_{- 0.48}^{+ 24.95}$ $^{+24.95}_{-0.48}$
With Tholins Titan4	29009.47	−0.07	26.74 $_{- 12.64}^{+ 13.20}$ $^{+13.20}_{-12.64}$
No C₂H₄	29009.68	−0.14	14.71 $_{- 11.64}^{+ 17.30}$ $^{+17.30}_{-11.64}$

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