Detection of CO2, CO, and H2O in the atmosphere of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12 b

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Volume 703 (November 2025)

A&A, 703 (2025) A264

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Table E.1

Retrieved abundances and detection significance for all species considered here, obtained from the combined HST WFC3 and JWST NIRSpec spectra.

	HST & `TEATRO` (`ARCiS`)			HST & `CASCADe` (`ARCiS`)			HST & `TEATRO` (`TauREx`)
Molecule	log10(VMR)	∆ln(E)	Sigma	log10(VMR)	∆ln(E)	Sigma	log₁₀(VMR)	∆ln(E)	Sigma
CO₂	$- {3.79}_{- 1.04}^{+ 0.96}$ $- 3.79_{ - 1.04}^{ + 0.96}$	71.3	12.2	$- {3.05}_{- 2.11}^{+ 1.47}$ $- 3.05_{ - 2.11}^{ + 1.47}$	51.4	10.4	$- {3.39}_{- 1.21}^{+ 1.00}$ $- 3.39_{ - 1.21}^{ + 1.00}$	69.8	12.0
CO	$- {2.51}_{- 0.93}^{+ 0.63}$ $- 2.51_{ - 0.93}^{ + 0.63}$	6.7	4.1	$- {3.19}_{- 2.19}^{+ 0.97}$ $- 3.19_{ - 2.19}^{ + 0.97}$	2.5	2.8	$- {2.11}_{- 0.99}^{+ 0.53}$ $- 2.11_{ - 0.99}^{ + 0.53}$	5.4	3.7
H₂O	$- {2.69}_{- 0.85}^{+ 0.69}$ $- 2.69_{ - 0.85}^{ + 0.69}$	16.0	6.0	$- {2.09}_{- 1.51}^{+ 0.58}$ $- 2.09_{ - 1.51}^{ + 0.58}$	13.0	5.4	$- {2.46}_{- 0.91}^{+ 0.57}$ $- 2.46_{ - 0.91}^{ + 0.57}$	15.4	5.9
H₂S	< −2.94	0.2	−	$- {2.98}_{- 1.33}^{+ 0.59}$ $- 2.98_{ - 1.33}^{ + 0.59}$	3.6	3.2	< −2.96	0.3	−
SO₂	< −5.33	−0.2	−	< −5 35	−0.4	−	< −5.38	−0.2	−
CH₄	< −5.73	−0.2	−	< −5 55	−0.3	−	< −5.85	−0.3	−
	log₁₀(P) [bar]	∆ln(E)	Sigma	log₁₀(P) [bar]	∆ln(E)	Sigma	log₁₀(P) [bar]	∆ln(E)	Sigma

Clouds	$- {2.39}_{- 0.30}^{+ 0.42}$ $- 2.39_{ - 0.30}^{ + 0.42}$	8.8	4.6	$- {1.71}_{- 0.58}^{+ 1.14}$ $- 1.71_{ - 0.58}^{ + 1.14}$	1.5	2.3	$- {2.32}_{- 0.29}^{+ 0.38}$ $- 2.32_{ - 0.29}^{ + 0.38}$	8.4	4.5

Notes. The retrieved cloud pressure is also given. The uncertainties are the 1 σ uncertainties. Where the abundance was not constrained, the 3 σ upper limit is given.

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