Distributions of local correlations between stellar mass and representative parameters for the five photometry-only or image-based models defined in Table 2. Each column corresponds a parameter, and each row corresponds to a model. The original distributions are separately shown for star-forming, passive, and other galaxies from the test sample, illustrated as the colored curves. The distributions shown in grey are used as a contrast, produced by randomly permuting the stellar mass values within the nearest neighbors of each test galaxy. Deviations between the original and reference correlation distributions indicate external parameters for a given model. Primarily, optical photometry cannot entirely account for morphological information, infrared information, spec-ɀ, and physical information related to stellar mass; while multi-band images can encompass intra- and cross-band morphological features that are both important for the stellar mass estimation.