Observations of sulfuretted species in HL Tau | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Volume 703 (November 2025)

A&A, 703 (2025) A282

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Table 2

Column densities and molecular ratios in the disk and envelope.

Position (–)	N(CS) (cm⁻²)	N(H₂S) (cm⁻²)	N(H₂CO) (cm⁻²)	N(CS)/N(H₂S)	N(CS)/N(H₂CO)	N(H₂S)/N(H₂CO)
T = 20K
CS peak	(3.6 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(5.3 ± 1.2) × 10¹²	(4.1 ± 0.8) × 10¹²	0.7 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.5
H₂S peak	(2.9 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(7.3 ± 1.2) × 10¹²	(3.6 ± 0.8) × 10¹²	0.4 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4
H₂CO peak	(3.3 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(2.9 ± 1.1) × 10¹²	(5.8 ± 0.8) × 10¹²	1.1 ± 0.7	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.3
Disk mean	(1.8 ± 0.8) × 10¹²	(2.9 ± 1.3) × 10¹²	(2.8 ± 1.1) × 10¹²	0.7 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.4
T = 40K
CS peak	(5.0 ± 0.9) × 10¹²	(7.5 ± 1.6) × 10¹²	(8.2 ± 1.6) × 10¹²	0.7 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.4
H₂S peak	(4.0 ± 0.9) × 10¹²	(1.0 ± 0.2) × 10¹³	(7.2 ± 1.6) × 10¹²	0.4 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.5
H₂CO peak	(4.7 ± 0.9) × 10¹²	(4.0 ± 1.6) × 10¹²	(1.1 ± 0.2) × 10¹³	1.2 ± 0.7	0.4 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.2
Disk mean	(2.5 ± 1.1) × 10¹²	(4.0 ± 1.8) × 10¹²	(5.5 ± 2.3) × 10¹²	0.7 ± 0.3	0.4 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.3
T = 58 K
CS peak	(6.5 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(1.03 ± 0.06) × 10¹³	(1.25 ± 0.04) × 10¹³	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3
H₂S peak	(5.2 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(1.41 ± 0.06) × 10¹³	(1.11 ± 0.04) × 10¹³	0.4 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.4
H₂CO peak	(6.0 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(5.5 ± 0.6) × 10¹²	(1.76 ± 0.04) × 10¹³	1.1 ± 0.4	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1
Disk mean	(3.2 ± 1.4) × 10¹²	(5.6 ± 2.6) × 10¹²	(8.4 ± 4.0) × 10¹²	0.7 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.2

T_ex = 5K
Envelope	(4.7 ± 0.4) × 10¹⁴	(3 ± 1) × 10¹³	(2.0 ± 0.9) × 10¹⁴	28 ± 12	4±2	0.15 ± 0.12
T_ex → 0K
	(2.7 ± 0.6) × 10¹⁴	(1.3 ± 0.4) × 10¹³	(7 ± 3) × 10¹³	16±8	3±2	0.19 ± 0.14

Notes. The uncertainty in the column density at the different positions is computed as the quadratic sum of the propagated rms and the propagated calibration uncertainty (10%). The uncertainty in the mean value is the standard deviation.

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