Fig. 3.
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Evolution of the semimajor axis (top), the eccentricity (middle), and the inclination (bottom) for an inclined (ι0 = 0.5°) and eccentric (e0 = 0.1) BH (mBH = 20 M⊙) undergoing dynamical friction in the AGN disk. The thick blue line indicates the evolution without the turbulent velocity field, while each thin red line includes a different realization of the turbulent velocity field. The BH is placed at the migration trap within an AGN disk around a 107 M⊙ SMBH. The dotted black line is the mean evolution of the realizations including turbulence. In the top panel, the dot-dashed lines indicate the mean square change in semimajor axis ⟨Δa2⟩ (Eq. (44)). In the middle and bottom panels, the dot-dashed green line is the ratio between the turbulent velocity dispersion σturb and the circular velocity vcirc. The vertical dashed lines indicate the first three midplane crossings. The turbulence prevents the full circularization and alignment of the embedded BH.
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