Contribution of condensates to Earth’s bulk composition as a function of temperature (top), derived by differentiating the Earth–Sun devolatilisation trend from Wang et al. (2019a). Molar solid elemental composition in chemical equilibrium with the disk gas is plotted as a function of temperature, shown here for two disks from our sample with C/O = 0.9 (middle) and C/O = 1.25 (bottom), at P = 10⁻⁴ bar. Only elements with molar abundances greater than 0.25 mol% are shown.