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Fig. 3

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Box plots of the fractional abundances of each species in the protostellar objects (fully warmed-up phase), as a function of the cosmicray ionization rate (x-axis) and initial temperature of gas and dust (indicated by different colors). The interquartile ranges (IQRs) represent the middle 50% of the abundance distribution, while the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum values, covering the full range of the data. Additionally, the evolution of mean abundances for different object masses is overplotted, with circles denoting the mean values for each mass. If no distribution is observed at a given ζ/ζ0, it suggests the species remained below the observational threshold throughout.

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