Spatial distribution and orbital histories of VPOS member galaxies. The panels show the positions of on-plane galaxies and their past trajectories under potential V23, at the present time (left) and at t = −1 Gyr (right). The coordinate system used (x′,y′,z′) is not galactocentric, but instead defined by the principal axes of the galaxy distribution at t = 0; in this frame, the z′-axis is aligned with the normal vector of the VPOS. Points indicate galaxy positions at the corresponding time, while lines trace their past trajectories. Red denotes MW satellites, blue indicates LMC satellites, and black marks the LMC itself. Carina II and Horologium II are shown in green. Although not formally classified as on-plane members, they are LMC satellites and thus likely part of the VPOS (see Section 3.1). Dashed lines are used to represent the trajectories of Bootes III and Sculptor, the two counter-rotating galaxies of the VPOS. A grey annulus at the origin represents the MW stellar disc for reference, with a radius of 15 kpc.