Dumbbell plots of metric fluctuations before and after adding noise. (a) Fluctuations in RMSE and MAE for T_eff between LightGBM and EstNet34. (b) Fluctuations in MAPE and ME for T_eff between LightGBM and EstNet34. (c) Fluctuations in RMSE and MAE for log g between CatBoost and EstNet66. (d) Fluctuations in MAPE and ME for log g between CatBoost and EstNet66. The red points represent the metrics before adding noise, and the blue points represent the metrics after adding noise. The lengths of the lines indicate the degree of fluctuation in the evaluation metrics before and after adding noise. In b and d, the MAPE values have been scaled to match the magnitude of ME to facilitate convenient visualization.